The Australian housing market is crazy. Plenty of pundits are calling for the bottom of the current housing downturn now that a “house price friendly” federal government has been elected but there is little recognition of how messed up the current cycle is and why that makes any sort of forecasting extremely unreliable.
A Typical Housing Boom/Bust Cycle
A typical housing boom/bust cycle usually has the following elements, roughly in order:
- a big increase in the amount of credit available – usually through the loosening of lending standards which leads to increases in housing demand and house prices
- a big increase in construction activity, which decreases unemployment and increases inflation. But there is a lag before the houses are finished and so house prices keep rising while the building occurs
- rising interest rates from the central bank to cut off inflation
- slowing housing prices as borrowing capacity is reached and the supply arrives
- house prices turn down, but as there is a lag in construction, new supply comes onto the market as demand is falling which increases prices falls and curbs construction
- falling construction leads to rising unemployment which means more defaults
- increased bad debts lead to a re-evaluation of risks, then credit growth slows even further as banks pull back on lending, turning the downturn in house prices into a crash
The Sydney/Melbourne Boom
First, a quick redefinition. I’m going to focus on Sydney/Melbourne where most of the price rises and building have occurred because other parts of Australia are different – especially Perth.
The loosening of lending standards comes in many different forms, in the US it was the rise of the shadow banking sector, in Ireland it was partly low interest rates in Europe being inappropriate for the Celtic tiger and partly weak regulation – the source of credit rarely the same housing cycle to housing cycle but the effect is the same: lenders want to lend as much as possible to people who can’t afford it. For the first ones in the game, the additional lending works well while property prices are rising, but you don’t want to be the last one in.
For Sydney/Melbourne it was a mix of the Household Expenditure Method (often called HEM) which let the banks assess borrowers as if they had the expenses of someone on the poverty level and a big increase in interest only investor loans that led to the Australian version of a credit boom.
Additionally, Australia then added to the demand through:
- tax incentives (allowing superannuation funds to buy property, reducing capital gains, first home buyer stamp duty exemptions)
- dramatically increased population growth (from averaging less than 100,000 per year in net immigration in the 90s and early 2000’s to well over 200,000 per year)
- allowing foreign buyers free reign
- refusing to implement money laundering laws while most other developed nations did
So, Sydney/Melbourne super-charged step 1 of the process.
Also, Sydney/Melbourne had a few wrinkles to step 2 of the process – the construction boom. Australia is the least populated continent (ex Antarctica) on the planet. However, it is also highly urbanized and has some of the most restrictive land use laws which means supply is less adaptable – it takes longer to build and is more expensive. The Sydney/Melbourne construction boom also focused on the delivery of apartments rather than houses, which also increases the time taken for supply to come on as both the planning and construction phase for apartments is far longer. The effect was still a record number of houses and apartments built, which is a typical outcome for a housing boom, but the supply lag was greater.
After that, comparing the Sydney/Melbourne housing boom to the typical housing boom timeline falls to pieces:
- Interest rates have been falling rather than rising as the mining boom ended and wage growth stagnated in Australia.
- Sydney/Melbourne skipped forward to step 7 of the process as the Royal Commission into banking prompted a premature end to the credit cycle.
- As much of the building was centred on apartments which have very long lead times and construction times, Australia has not yet seen the increase in unemployment which is typical once house prices start to fall – it is coming but the effects are delayed.
In the interim, a Federal government has been elected that ran on a platform of not letting house prices fall, helping first home buyers borrow as much as possible (by adding a government guarantee to let then borrow up to 95%), reducing lending standards (APRA cut the loan serviceability requirements) and quite probably more to come. It is my expectation that the Coalition will consider trashing the budget a few billion to keep the housing market from falling part of their “mandate”.
Sydney/Melbourne still unaffordable
Demographia estimates Sydney and Melbourne to be top 5 for unaffordability across major developed markets.
You can fix affordability three ways:
- rising wages
- falling interest rates
- falling house prices
The first looks unlikely – we believe a mix of secular stagnation, inequality, falling union membership, increased automation and high levels of immigration mean that wages are going to remain weak unless something changes unexpectedly.
The Reserve Bank will work on the second but has very limited scope as interest rates are already at record lows.
The government is trying desperately to stop the third – but if there is to be any return to affordability, prices are most likely of the three factors to change significantly.
Where to from here?
A range of factors affect supply and demand – here is my estimate of what the key factors were and how they are looking to change (for more on each of the factors, see this recent podcast):
A few important factors to note:
- Credit availability is extremely important. The Royal Commission into banking reversed the credit boom and was enough to see house prices down around 10%, even while most other factors were still positive.
- Employment is extremely important. During the boom years, the Perth market faced largely the same factors as Sydney/Melbourne except for (a) slightly weaker population growth and (b) rising unemployment. And Perth property prices fell more than 10% while the rest of Australia boomed.
Both of these factors remain uncertain.
Credit Availability
The handbrake on lending from the Royal Commission is still in place, but politicians and regulators are busy trying to get credit flowing again. Quite incredibly, less than 3 months after the Royal Commission harangued APRA for being too trusting, not enforcing lending standards and being too close to the banks, APRA loosened lending standards to allow banks to set their own rules on mortgage serviceability. So, you have to expect there is more to come on the regulation and policy front to try to keep the credit party going for a little longer.
Having said that, property booms quite often have politicians trying to find new ways to shovel debt out to the masses at the peak, and only rarely does that prevent a bust.
The question is momentum. Either
- enough policy support comes (and quickly), investors and foreign buyers “keep the faith” and we see the property market stop falling and maybe even grind higher or
- the support is not enough or is too late and house prices resume their fall. At this point the additional credit becomes “pushing on a string” – banks can offer the credit but if no one wants to borrow then the additional credit has no effect.
It is hard to find a middle ground, the outcome looks relatively binary and very much a study in behavioural finance. Can ScoMo convince enough first home buyers to take on 95% debt burdens to save the rest of the housing market? Can the banks and developers convince investors to borrow far more than they will make in rental income in the hope that capital gains will give them a good investment?
Employment
Employment remains the wildcard. With stagnant wage growth and dramatic drops in housing construction approvals, my money is on a significant rise in unemployment.
In Perth that was enough to see five years of falling house prices. I’m not sure why so many economists are convinced that east coast house prices won’t be similarly affected.
International Shock
Keep in mind that all of the above is predicated on benign world growth. If the trade war spirals out of control, or there is a debt crisis in any one of a number of over-indebted countries then the negative scenarios for Australian housing become the base case.
Net effect
The net effect is that the Sydney/Melbourne housing cycle is messed up.
While I can understand the arguments of those who say that house prices have bottomed, given the complexities above I am skeptical of the level of conviction displayed.
The base case might be a grind sideways/higher in prices, but there is far greater risk that house prices fall sharply than rise sharply.
